This graph shows the average concentration of particles (particles/mL) versus size (nm), measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Error bars indicate ±1 standard error of the mean (SEM), reflecting variability across replicates. The main distribution peaks near 30-150 nm support the presence of nanoscale particles consistent with EVs in the sample.

This graph presents the mean light scattering intensity (arbitrary units) as a function of particle size, measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The intensity increases with particle size. It shows relative particle size contributions and confirms the presence of 30-150nm particles (EVs).

This bar graph shows the average microRNA concentration (ng/µL), measured using a Qubit fluorometric assay, following EV RNA isolation from bacterial media samples of increasing starting volumes (5 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL and 35 mL). Each bar represents the mean concentration for a given volume, with error bars indicating standard deviation across replicates. A positive trend is observed, with higher initial sample volumes yielding higher microRNA concentrations. This suggests that increasing the volume of processed media enhances the total recovery of microRNA from EV isolations.

This bar graph shows the average Cq values from quantitative PCR targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene following EV RNA extraction from different starting volumes of bacterial media (5 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL and 35 mL). Error bars represent standard deviation across replicates. A lower Cq value indicates higher template abundance. As sample volume increases, the Cq values decrease, suggesting a greater yield of bacterial RNA as more input volume is processed. This trend supports the use of larger starting volumes to improve EV RNA recovery.