Poor DNA recovery may be caused by one or more of the following:

• Incomplete lysis of cells or tissue. Ensure that the appropriate amount of Buffer SKP was used for the amount of cells or tissue. Optionally, the lysate could be heated at 55°C for 10 minutes to assist in lysis.
• Column has become clogged. Do not exceed the recommended amounts of starting materials. The amount of starting material may need to be decreased if the column shows clogging below the recommended levels. See FAQ related to “Clogged Column” below.
• An alternative elution solution was used. It is recommended that the RNA Elution Buffer supplied with this kit be used for maximum RNA recovery.
• Ethanol was not added to the lysate. Ensure that the appropriate amount of ethanol is added to the lysate before binding to the column.
• Ethanol was not added to the Wash Solution A. Ensure that 90 mL of 96 – 100 % ethanol is added to the supplied Wash Solution A prior to use.
• Low RNA content in cells or tissues used. Different tissues and cells have different RNA contents, and thus the expected yield of RNA will vary greatly from these different sources. Please check literature to determine the expected RNA content of your starting material.
• Cell Culture: Cell monolayer was not washed with PBS. Ensure that the cell monolayer is washed with the appropriate amount of PBS in order to remove residual media from cells.
• Yeast: Lyticase was not added to the Resuspension Buffer. Ensure that the appropriate amount of lyticase is added when making the Resuspension Buffer.
• Bacteria and Yeast: All traces of media not removed. Ensure that all media is removed prior to the addition of the Buffer SKP through aspiration.

Column clogging may occur due to:

• Insufficient solubilization of cells or tissues. Ensure that the appropriate amount of lysis buffer was used for the amount of cells or tissue.
• Maximum number of cells or amount of tissue exceeds kit specifications. Refer to specifications to determine if the amount of starting material falls within kit specifications.
• Centrifuge temperature is too low. Ensure that the centrifuge remains at room temperature throughout the procedure. Temperatures below 20°C may cause precipitates to form that can cause the columns to clog.

RNA may be degraded due to:

• RNase contamination. RNases may be introduced during the use of the kit. Ensure proper procedures are followed when working with RNA. Please refer to “Working with RNA” at the beginning of this user guide.
• Procedure not performed quickly enough. In order to maintain the integrity of the RNA, it is important that the procedure be performed quickly. This is especially important for the Cell Lysate Preparation Step in the Animal Tissue protocol, since the RNA in animal tissues is not protected after harvesting until it is disrupted and homogenized.
• Improper storage of the purified RNA. For short-term storage, RNA samples may be stored at –20°C for a few days. It is recommended that samples be stored at –70°C for longer-term storage.
• Tissue samples were frozen improperly. Samples should be flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and transferred immediately to a -70°C freezer for long-term storage.
• Frozen tissues or cell pellets were allowed to thaw prior to RNA isolation. Do not allow frozen tissues to thaw prior to grinding with the mortar and pestle in order to ensure that the integrity of the RNA is not compromised.
• Lysozyme or lyticase used may not be RNase-free. Ensure that the lysozyme and lyticase being used with this kit are RNase-free, in order to prevent possible problems with RNA degradation.

If the RNA does not perform well in downstream applications, it may be due to one or more of the following:

• RNA was not washed twice with the provided Wash Solution A. Traces of salt from the binding step may remain in the sample if the column is not washed twice with Wash Solution A. Salt may interfere with downstream applications, and thus must be washed from the column.
• Ethanol carryover. Ensure that the dry spin under the RNA Wash procedure is performed, in order to remove traces of ethanol prior to elution. Ethanol is known to interfere with many downstream applications.

Poor protein recovery may be caused by one or more of the following:

• Incorrect pH adjustment of sample. Ensure that the pH of the starting protein sample is adjusted to pH 3.5 or lower after the Binding Buffer A has been added and prior to binding to the column. If necessary, add additional Binding Buffer A.
• Low protein content in the starting materials. Run a 20 µL fraction from the flowthrough (after RNA binding) on an SDS-PAGE gel to estimate the amount of protein present in the sample. In addition, use the entire flowthrough in the protein purification procedure.

Protein may be degraded due to:

• Eluted protein solution was not neutralized. Add 9.3 µL of Protein Neutralizer to each 100 µL of eluted protein to adjust the pH to neutral. Some proteins are sensitive to high pH, such as the elution buffer at pH 12.5.
• Eluted protein was not neutralized quickly enough. If eluted proteins are not used immediately, degradation will occur. We strongly suggest adding Protein Neutralizer to lower the pH promptly.
• Eluted protein was not stored properly. Purified protein needs to be stored at -70°C. Adding protease inhibitors will help enhance protein stability.

Yes, samples preserved in RNAlater can be processed using our RNA/Protein Purification Plus Kit. Norgen Biotek also offers an alternative to RNAlater called RNA preserve (Product number 17260)

Yes, the eluted protein and elution buffer C (+ protein neutralizer) are compatible with applications like Mass Spectrometry.